Dramatis Personae

Dramatis Personæ
or, some of the Artists & their Victims

---

1. Louis Agassiz (subject)
2. Mary Anning (subject)
3. August Breüner (artist)
4. William Buckland (subject)
5. William Conybeare (artist/subject)
6. Charles Lyell (subject)
7. Roderick Impey Murchison (subject)

---

A statue of Louis Agassiz after the 
1906 San Francisco earthquake. 
Photo by Frank Davey (1906) 
WBUR [wbur.org]

Louis Agassiz (1807 - 1873) is best remembered as a forceful proponent of glacial theory. A Swiss geologist, and he came to realize that certain difficult-to-explain landforms outside of the Alps appeared to be analogous to those produced by the alpine glaciers he was well-acquainted with.

It was a radical idea, and was initially met with hostility among the British scientific establishment. William Buckland and Charles Lyell were notably an early adopters, though Lyell later turned against the theory.

As research continued, one great Pleistocene ice age would become four, and in the middle of the 20th century four would become dozens of individual glacial episodes. Glacial research remains the best & most interesting field in geology cough cough cough...

Agassiz would eventually move to America where he would set up the museum of natural history at Harvard, which still exists. He never accepted Darwin's theory of natural selection, and was one of the last major scientist to hold out. He was a strict instructor, whose own graduate students would eventually rebel against him. He is also, unfortunately, remembered for his racist views.

>> Cartoons about Agassiz

Sources:

A general biographical sketch: The University of California Museum of Paleontology biographical sketch [ucmp.berkeley.edu]

A detailed description of the British reaction to glacial theory: Boylan, P. J. (1998). Lyell and the dilemma of Quaternary glaciation. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 143(1), 145-159. Link [sp.lyellcollection.org]

Discussion of Agassiz's polygenist views: Gould, S. J. (1996). The Mismeasure of Man. WW Norton & Company.

For Agassiz as a teacher: The essay "In a Jumbled Drawer", collected in Gould, S. J. (1991). Bully for brontosaurus: Reflections in natural history. WW Norton & Company. Gould half-humorously argues that the student's rebellion (and their subsequent expulsion from Agassiz's tutelage) was a benefit for paleontology as a whole, since the capable students were scattered to other universities. Agassiz hired people closer in line with his creationist views, and brought "peace and mediocrity once again to Harvard."

---

Mary Anning (artist unknown, before 1842)
Color-adjusted from Smithsonian [ocean.si.edu]

Mary Anning (1799-1847) was a fossil collector and preparer who worked on the Jurassic cliffs of Dorset. Unlike most of the important figures of early 19th century British geology, Anning came from a lower social class and struggled financially throughout her life. She was also a religious Dissenter, which put her at odds with the Anglicanism of the social elite. She had begun collecting fossils at a young age to supplement her father's income.

In about 1810 she and her brother Joseph discovered the first ichthyosaur, that animal which would so captivate Victorian imaginations. (Alas, today the ichthyosaurs have been reduced to also-ran status beside the dinosaurs). Later she discovered the first complete plesiosaur. Her reputation and career were threatened when the renown naturalist Cuvier suggested that the plesiosaur was a hoax, but was defended by Conybeare and Buckland, and Cuvier admitted his mistake. She also supplied Buckland with some of the coprolites that would be so crucial to his research.

She was renown as one of the best "fossilists" of her age, and was considered an authority on the fossils of the Lyme Regis area. Nevertheless, class, gender, and religion were significant barriers, and she complained that scientists "sucked her brains", took her fossils and published on them, and gave her very little credit in return. Eventually, in appreciation of her contributions to science and in light of her financial struggles, William Buckland secured a public annuity for her. She was honored as the first non-Fellow to have an obituary read at the Geological Society (though she surely would have been a member had the Society not barred women).

Anning and Henry De la Beche were childhood friends, a friendship which would prove fruitful for both of their careers.  She also knew William Buckland as a child.

>> Cartoons about Anning

Sources:

The Lyme Regis museum [lymeregismuseum.co.uk] and The London's Natural History Museum [nhm.ac.uk] both have biographical sketches.

The biographical sketches on Strange Science on Anning [strangescience.net] and Conybeare [ibid] are detailed and include some analysis.

---

Breüner by Friedrich von Amerling (1834)
(According to Wikipedia [de.wikipedia.org])
(I haven't been able to find non-wiki confirmation)

August Breüner (1796 - 1877) is something of a mystery. Very little information can be found about him, at least from English-language sources. He was an Austrian count (graf), who served in government high-ranking official (a "ministerialrat"). With regards to geology, he seems to have been more of a hobbyist and collector than a serious researcher. At some point he apparently found a human skeleton of some antiquity that some creationists of the mid-1800s took a liking to [books.google.com].

Some information can be found on the entry for Breunnerite on MinDat [mindat.org]. His Geological Society membership is attested to in the 1866 list of Foreign GS members [books.google.com]. The German-language Wikipedia has an article about him [de.wikipedia.org], but I cannot read it. Complicating matters, his name is spelled variously "Breüner", "Breuner", and Breunner".

The Life and Correspondence of William Buckland, from which the cartoons reproduced here have been taken, remarks merely that he was a "skilful draughtsman, with a keen sense of humour". As the book is poor with citations, and it is not even clear to me that all of the sketches in Life and Correspondence that appear to be attributed to Breüner are actually by him.

>> Cartoons by Breüner

---

Buckland by Richard Ansdell (1843)
Wikimedia Commons [commons.wikimedia.org]

William Buckland (1784 - 1856) was a geologist and theologian who viewed geology as a way of illuminating God's creation. He was popular as a lecturer at Oxford, using humor and mimicry to captivate students and bring extinct creatures vividly to life. This did not always endear him to some of his colleagues, one of whom said after Buckland had left for a trip to Europe, "Buckland has gone to Italy, and we shall hear no more, thank God, of this geology!” He ended his career as Dean of Westminster Abbey, an important religious appointment.

He is known for many things, but one special interest of his was the use of coprolites (fossil feces) to reconstruct the diets, lifestyles, and anatomies of extinct animals. He was interested in seeing extinct animals as living, breathing creatures, rather than collections of bones. In a sense he was an early paleo-ecologist.

He was a personal friend of both Conybeare and De la Beche, having known the former since childhood. Together, he and Conybeare described megalosaurus, the first of the member of the group that would become known as dinosaurs to receive that treatment.

The "blue bag" depicted in the portrait was something of a personal trademark, which he carried everywhere with him.

>> Cartoons about Buckland

Sources:

A biographical sketch: Oxford University Museum's Learning More biography [www.oum.ox.ac.uk; pdf]

A historical life and letters treatment that includes many fun anecdotes (though is perhaps too fawning): Gordon, E. O. (1894). The life and correspondence of William Buckland, DD, FRS: sometime dean of Westminster, twice president of the Geological society, and first president of the British association. London: J. Murray. Link [archive.org]

A number of contemporary drawings and poems about him: Pemberton, S. G. (2010). History of Ichnology: The Reverend William Buckland (1784–1856) and the Fugitive Poets. Ichnos, 17(4), 246-263. Link [tandfonline.com]

---

I have not yet been able to find a portrait
of Conybeare with valid artist and
date information, so Breüner's sketch
will have to do.

William Conybeare (1787 - 1857) was one of the leading geologists of his day, as well as being (like William Buckland) a priest. He served as the dean of Llandaff Cathedral in Wales. He and Buckland had been close friends since childhood, and together with Henry De la Beche the three formed a closely-connected trio. All three also had ties to the Lyme Regis area, and De la Beche and Conybeare would publish together on some of Mary Anning's fossils. Unfortunately, Conybeare seems to have been one of those researchers who did not credit Anning for her finds.

>> Cartoons by/about Conybeare

Sources:

Strange Science [strangescience.net] has a good biographical sketch

Other information from  Gordon, E. O. (1894). The life and correspondence of William Buckland, DD, FRS: sometime dean of Westminster, twice president of the Geological society, and first president of the British association. London: J. Murray. Link [archive.org]

and  Norman, D. B. (2000). Henry De la Beche and the plesiosaur's neck. Archives of natural history, 27(1), 137-148. Link [euppublishing.com]

---

Henry De la Beche is discussed here.

---

Lyell by Ernest Edwards (1863)
National Portrait Gallery [npg.org.uk]

Charles Lyell (1797 - 1875) was the geologist who forcefully revived Hutton's principle of Uniformitarianism in the 1830s. His book, Principles of Geology, is one of the most influential ever written in the field. One of his ultimate aims in Principles was to lay down the framework for a method of relative age dating based on statistical analysis of fossil assemblages. He subdivided the Tertiary by this method, and the names he gave to these subdivisions are still in use. The naming scheme seems esoteric to new geology students, but  Pliocene, Miocene, and Eocene simply mean "A continuation of the Recent", "Less Recent", and "The Dawn of the Recent" respectively, and originally referred to the percentage of modern molluscs types found in the fossils assemblage of a particular rock layer.

He is best remembered today as a friend and mentor to Charles Darwin (and due to this fact, now seems to overshadow all of his peers.) In Darwin's story, he is mostly known as the man who (slightly underhandedly) secured Darwin's priority on natural selection when Alfred Wallace threatened to preempt it. He engineered a deal in which Darwin and Wallace concurrently had papers presented at the Geological Society. It was a deal made without Wallace's knowledge, though in Lyell's defense Wallace was collecting specimens in southeast Asia at the time and mail was slow.

More about De la Beche's issue with Lyell can be read here.

>> Cartoons about Lyell.

Sources:

James Secord's introduction to the 1997 Penguin Books reprint of Principles of Geology is an excellent discussion of Lyell's goals and strategy in Principles, and its impact on Victorian Britain.

Lyell's strategy in Principles is also discussed extensively in Gould, S. J. (1987). Time's arrow, time's cycle: Myth and metaphor in the discovery of geological time (Vol. 2). Harvard University Press.

Most biographies of Darwin will mention Lyell

---

Murchison by Hennah and Kent (1860s)
National Portrait Gallery [npg.org.uk]

Roderick Impey Murchison (1792 - 1871) was De la Beche's primary antagonist during the Devonian Controversy. Early in life he was a soldier, having served in the Peninsular War against Napoleon. He is best remembered for establishing the Silurian and Permian systems.

He opposed De la Beche's early interpretation of the rocks of Devon (which was indeed incorrect) because it threatened his belief that rocks from his Silurian system could not have coal. This was important because if Silurian rock had no coal, then the presence of Silurian rock would constrain the areas available for the search for economic coal beds in Britain. Reducing waste in time and resources in coal prospecting would be have been a victory for geology as a fledgling science, and a victory for Murchison personally.

While De la Beche and Murchison seemed to have some personal enmity in the 1830s, this appears to have subsided later on. Murchison didn't like uniformitarianism any more that De la Beche, and maintained that stance even after De la Beche had come around, writing to De la Beche that he hoped he had not become an "inch by inch geologist" in 1851.

>> Cartoons about Murchison

Sources:

Murchison has a starring role in Rudwick, M. J. (1988). The great Devonian controversy: the shaping of scientific knowledge among gentlemanly specialists. University of Chicago Press.

---

Back to Table of Contents

Taking Leave of Sir Joseph Banks

Taking Leave of Sir Joseph Banks

Click image to view larger

By: Count August Breüner

Date: Presumably 1820 or shortly thereafter

Format: Sketch.

Description: William Buckland and William Conybeare visit the naturalist Joseph Banks shortly before his death. The sketch is reproduced in The Life and Correspondence of William Buckland (1894) [archive.org, pg 39]. Very little description is given.

The text at the top is Taking Leave of Sir Joseph Banks. Joseph Banks was one of the foremost naturalists in Britain in the generation before Buckland, and his home in Soho was an informal meetinghouse for the era's naturalists. In the sketch, the elderly Banks is suffering from gout and cannot move much. Above Conybeare, on the doorway frame, is the text "[?] Geologorum Princeps", the latter part of which means "Princes of Geology". Buckland is encumbered with all manner of specimens, which spill out of his pockets. Shortly after this meeting, Conybeare and Buckland traveled together to Paris. Banks died while they were away.

August Breüner was a friend of Buckland's, and traveled with him. He was not a geologist so much as a hobbyist and collector, but he was made a fellow of the Geological Society of London.

Very little information exists for the artist, Breüner. See his entry on the biography page.
(See also entries for Conybeare and Buckland for more about them.)

---

>> Return to Table of Contents

---

Sources & further discussion: 

Similarly to the artist himself, very little information is readily available about the illustration. From googling, beside being in Life and Correspondence, the sketch appears to be referenced only in The Life of Sir Joseph Banks by Edward Smith (1911) [books.google.com (where it is misidentified as being Buckland's own); Fyfe and Lightman's Science in the Marketplace (2008) (to which the translation above is owed); and an article ("Dean Buckland" in the 1894 edition of The Leisure Hour [books.google.com]), which evocatively describes "the heads and tails of horrible saurians projecting from the professor's pockets."

Ultimately, all information traces back to:

Gordon, E. O. (1894). The life and correspondence of William Buckland, DD, FRS: sometime dean of Westminster, twice president of the Geological society, and first president of the British association. London: J. Murray. Link [archive.org]

Some information about Banks from:
Fyfe, A., & Lightman, B. (Eds.). (2007). Science in the marketplace: Nineteenth-century sites and experiences. University of Chicago Press.

---

Image yoinked from:

Gordon, E. O. (1894). The life and correspondence of William Buckland, DD, FRS: sometime dean of Westminster, twice president of the Geological society, and first president of the British association. London: J. Murray. pg 39. Link [archive.org] 

Kirkdale Cave Hyena Den

The Hyena's Den at Kirkdale, near Kirby Moorside in Yorkshire, discovered A.D. 1821

Click image to view larger

By: William Conybeare (geologist, professor)

Date: 1822

Format: Lithograph sent in letter, accompanied by a poem

Description: William Buckland enters Kirkdale Cave and is greeted by a pack of prehistoric hyenas.

In 1821 a cave was discovered by quarriers in Yorkshire. The cave, dubbed Kirkdale, was full of the bones of hyenas, elephants, rhinoceroses, and a number of other animals. It was not the first time that such un-British animals had been found in a British cave, but it attracted the attention of William Buckland, who explored the cave the same year. Mixtures of unusual animal bones in caves were generally taken as evidence for the Great Flood up to that point, but Buckland (who was certainly comfortable melding geology and religion) noted that the bones had been gnawed, and that fossilized excrement found in the cave looked very much like a hyena's. He concluded that the cave had been a prehistoric hyena den. The other animals had been the hyena's food, dragged into the cave. The role of the Great Flood was relegating to merely killing the hyena and leaving on top of their bodies a layer of mud. In other words, he had reconstructed an ecosystem for Britain before the Great Flood that was vastly different from the current ecosystem. Buckland's description of Kirkdale Cave was an important moment in the establishment of his reputation, and kicked off his interest in coprolites.

Conybeare's drawing imagines Buckland crawling into the cave and coming face-to-face with the hyena. In a sense, Buckland's research had brought this ancient ecosystem back to life. In Rudwick's (1992) interpretation, "Into the cave crawls Buckland himself, candle in hand, illuminating this scene from deep time with the light of science, penetrating the epistemic barrier between the human world and the prehuman, and looking perhaps as surprised to see the hyenas as they are to see him. Buckland's lectures were famous - or, to his more staid colleague, notorious - for his humorous impersonations of his extinct creatures. So this scene from deep 'antediluvial' time is made conceivable by being at the same time a scene of the amiable eccentric Buckland crawling ino the cave like one of his hyenas. [...] Buckland's reconstruction [...] becomes a keyhole [...] allowing us at least to "spy" a glimpse of a lost world that would otherwise be inaccessible forever."

As an aside, in the 1950s Immanuel Velikovosky would resurrect the idea that mixed bones in British caves were deposits from some global flood, in service to his unique ideas about axial tilt and earth/comet interactions.

Conybeare's illustration was accompanied by a poem he had written (reproduced in Pemberton (2010); footnotes mine):

Trophonius¹, ‘tis said, had a den,
Into which whoso once dared to enter
Returned to the daylight again
With his wits jostled off their right centre.

But of all the miraculous caves,
And of all their miraculous stories,
Kirby Hole all its brethren outbraves,
With Buckland to tell of its glories.

Bucklandus ipse loquitur.²
Ages long ere this planet was formed,
(I beg pardon, before it was drowned,)³
Fierce and fell were the monsters that swarmed,
Roared and rolled in these hollows profound.

Their teeth had the temper of steel,
Skulls and dry bones they swallowed with zest, or
Mammoth tusks they despatched at a meal,
And their guts were like Papin’s Digester.⁴

And they munched ‘em just like Byron’s dog,
Tartar’s skulls that so daintily mumbled;⁵
Horns and hoofs were to them glorious prog⁶
Ecce Signa⁷—see how they’re all jumbled.

I can shew you the fragments half gnawed,
Their own Album Graecum⁸ I’ve spied,
And here are the bones that they pawed
And polished in scratching their hide.

So unbreeched Caledonians⁹ wear out
Each milestone they pass as they go,
So the lip of the pilgrim devout
Has kissed off St. Peter’s great toe.¹⁰

I know how they fared every day,¹¹
Can tell Sunday’s from Saturday’s dinner;
What rants¹² they devourèd, can say,¹³
When the game of the forest grew thinner.

Young elk of the bogs was a meat
That each common hunt might obtain;
But an elephant’s haunch was a treat
They only could hope now and then.

In scarce winters they sliced up each other,
So gaunt mariners, struggling with ruin,
Cast lots for each famishing brother,
For particulars, vide Don Juan.¹⁴

Mystic cavern! the gloom of thy cell,
Shedding light on each point that was dark,
Tells the hour by Shrewsbury clock
When Noah went into the ark.

By the crust on thy stalactite floor,
The post-Adamite ages I’ve reckoned,
Summed their years, days, and hours, and more,
And I find it comes right to a second.¹⁵

Mystic cavern! thy charms sublime
All the chasms of history supply;
What was done ere the birthday of time
Through one other such hole I could spy.

Footnotes:

1: Trophonius was a Greek hero who fled into a cave, and that cave became an oracle. Entering into the cave was evidently a frightening experience. See Victorian Web [victorianweb.org].

2: "Buckland himself speaks"

3: i.e., in the Great Flood.

4: An early pressure-cooker. See here [chemistryworld.com].

5: A reference to Byron's poem, "The Siege of Corinth" in which dogs eat the dead: From a Tartar’s scull they had stripp’d the flesh/ As ye peel the fig when its fruit is fresh

6: Old slang; food received by begging

7: "Behold the proof"

8: Feces of dogs and hyenaes turned white by oxidation

9: "Caledonia" is a poetic name for Scotland; "Breeching" was the right-of-passage where a boy wore pants for the first time. Alternatively, perhaps it is a reference to Scotland's affinity for kilts? Or else it is a reference to young Scottish boys. I have no idea why either young or adult scotsmen should wear down mile markers.

10: The right foot of the statue of St. Peter in St. Peter's Basilica has been worn smooth by the kisses and touching of pilgrims over hundreds of years. In other words, the bones in Kirkdale have been worn down by hyena similarly to how pilgrims have worn down St. Peter's foot.

11: Fared as in "ate". Maybe a pun.

12: No idea.

13: Two lines were footnoted here:
For rats and mice, and such small deer,
Had been Tom’s food for many a year.
Who or what Tom might have been is not stated.

14: "Vide" is Latin for "see" or "read"; "Don Juan" is a reference to canto II of Byron's poem "Don Juan", in which the character is shipwrecked and the sailors cast lots to determine who will be eaten.

15: Of course, Conybeare did not know that flowstone crusts would eventually be used for precise Uranium/Thorium dating, but how fortuitous a rhyme!

For more information about Buckland see his entry on the biography page.
For more about Conybeare, see his entry.

---

>> Return to Table of Contents

---

Sources & further discussion: 

Pemberton, S. G. (2010). History of Ichnology: The Reverend William Buckland (1784–1856) and the Fugitive Poets. Ichnos, 17(4), 246-263. Link [tandfonline.com]

Rudwick, M. J. (1992). Scenes from deep time: early pictorial representations of the prehistoric world. University of Chicago Press.

McFarlane, D. A., & Ford, D. C. (1998). The age of the Kirkdale Cave palaeofauna. Cave and Karst Science, 25(1), 3-6.
A brief outline of the cave's history and debate over its fossils, plus some new (in 1998) U/Th dates.

Jaf Akst. (Dec. 1, 2011). The Hyena Den, discovered 1821. Post in The Scientist. Link [the-scientist.com]

The print reproduced with proper subtitle (but covered in watermarks) from a letter sent by Buckland:  The British Library Board collection [imagesonline.bl.uk]

---

Image yoinked from:

Bressan, D. (Oct. 20, 2010). "Taphonomy of Cave Environments" on the History of Geology blog. Link [historyofgeology.fieldofscience.com]

Table of Contents

Table of Contents

---

Welcome to the Digital De la Beche Geology Comics Archive.

Henry De la Beche was one of the foremost geologists in Britain in the 1820s, 30s, and 40s. This was a period early in the field's establishment, after Hutton but before Darwin, as it was becoming systematized and professionalized. With a continuous stream of new and exciting finds concerning Earth's antiquity and the history of life,  geology itself was enjoying a public popularity that it had never known before, and arguably never has since. De la Beche was the founder and first director of the British Geological Survey. He was also, in his off-time, a cartoonist.

He drew cartoons in letters, in his diary, in the back of a field book -- even on a proof copy of his textbook. He used the cartoons to express frustrations about his job and to poke fun at the theories of his scientific rivals. These cartoons therefore represent an unusual resource for understanding the views and biases of one of early Geology's leading researchers, with regards to some of the period's most compelling debates.

Unfortunately, while many of his cartoons are available scattered across several publications, as far as I can tell no one has tried to put them all together in one place online. That is the purpose of this page.

This collection is not complete: I am not a researcher, and I do not have access to De la Beche's various diverse letters and journals. I am only collecting here what others have seen fit to reprint. As far as I am aware, all of the following pre-1900 images are in the public domain.

For more information about De la Beche (including the extremely unsavory), see this page.

For more on other historical figures mentioned, see this page.

For the latest updates, see this page (last update 5-10-20).

For a list of sources, see this page.

---

Notes on symbolism: Tinted glasses are a common motif in the cartoons, typically worn by De la Beche's opponents. They represent the danger posed by large-scale theorizing to "color" one's raw observations. Theoretical speculation was among De la Beche's chief bugbears.

His opponents are also often shown wearing fancy formal clothing, ill-suited to outdoor work. His protagonists wear practical field gear. The implication is that his opponents were merely armchair speculators. This was an unfair characterization, as they were in fact just as capable in the field as he was.

Notes on "digital remastering": Cartoons are meant to be read! Therefore, where needed (and only if it could be done without defacing the underlying image), original text has been replaced with computer fonts. Where this has been done, an unmodified copy of the cartoon is included at the bottom of the page.

It is possible that De la Beche's cursive has not been correctly interpreted in all cases. Any suggestions for improved transcription are gratefully welcome!

---

I'm in a hurry. What are the five essential cartoons? 

Check out: Awful Changes, Behold my Book, Preconceived Opinions v. Facts, Opportunity of Studying Rain, and Proposal for Geological Society Coat of Arms.

---

---

(A) Against Lyell

For background on De la Beche's beef against Lyell, see Here.
The very brief sketch is that Lyell's famous book, Principles of Geology, had just been published. De la Beche felt that Lyell was inappropriately putting theory before hard data.

The black-and-white sketches:
All of the black-and-white sketches in this section come from the back pages of a field book, and were first described in a 1975 paper by Martin Rudwick. Some of the sketches may have been left substantially unfinished, and some are difficult to interpret. They were presumably never meant to be published.

Awful Changes (1831)	Cause and Effect (early 1830s)	Theory (1831)
How to See Clearly (1831)	Green Glasses the Go (1831)	Old world and New World balanced [Untitled] (1831)
The balance of power (1831)	Behold my Book (1831)	Diluvium and Alluvium (1831)
President Crocodile and Meeting (1831)	"Principles &c." (1831)	Flying Book [Untitled ] (1831)

(B) Against Murchison

Preconceived Opinions v. Facts (1834)

(C) Against Agassiz

Irregularities of Sol (1841)

(D) For His Friends

Coprolitic Vision (1829)

The approach of his pet Saurian (1834?)

Mary Anning Watercolor (Unlisted Date)

(E) Professional Frustrations  

Opportunity of studying rain (1831)	A Philosophical Lecture (1832)	My dearest Bessie (1837)
A Scientific Annual (1837)

(F) Scientific Satire

Heat in Mines (1837)

(G) Political Cartoons

John [Bull] & Grandees No. 3 (1831)	Receive the Bread of Life (1831)	Taking a Cameo-Portrait (1828)
Cartoons on Religion (1829)	Seeing the Raphaels at the Vatican (1829)

(H) Other Images

Travels in Europe (1820, 1829)	Proposal for Geological Society Coat of Arms (1825)	Proposal for Geological Survey Seal (1825)
Geological Goblin [Proposal for Geological Survey Seal II] (1825)	Three scenes of ancient life from the French edition of Geological Manual (1833)	The Light of Science dispelling the Darkness which covered the World (1832)
Chevron folds on North Devon coast (c. 1837)

(I) Duria Antiquior

Duria Antiquior (1830)

(K) Other Geological Cartoonists 

Henry De la Beche was not the only geological-cartoonist of his era. This is a collection of cartoons by other early geologists.

If you know of any other cartoons that ought be included in this collection, please let me know! Leave a comment on any page, or send an email to the address on the about page.

Hyena's Den at Kirkdale (1822)  By William Conybeare	Costume of the Glaciers (c. 1840) By Thomas Sopwith	John MacCulloch Self Portrait (Unlisted Date) By John MacCulloch
Taking Leave of Sir Joseph Banks (c. 1820) By August Breüner	Expedition to Shotover (Unlisted Date) By August Breüner (?)	Halle, 1822 (c. 1822) By August Breüner (?)
Prof. Buckland and the Octopus (c. 1822) By August Breüner (?)	Geology [The Mammoth of my Dream] (early 19th C) By an unknown Fellow of the Geological Society of London